Chemical and Isotope Data: Information and Data Types

Background information on the chemical and isotope data

The request water data web site makes available the chemical and isotope data accumulated by two USGS Projects (I. Barnes and R. Mariner) over a time period of about 40 years. This is principally data collected as part of various studies carried out by members of the Barnes or Mariner projects supplemented by samples submitted to us for analysis by other researchers of similar interests. The data are primarily chemical and isotopic analyses of waters (thermal, mineral, or fresh) and associated gas (free and/or dissolved) collected from hot springs, mineral springs, cold springs, geothermal wells, fumaroles, and gas seeps. Data are also presented for a few streams, lakes, and oil wells.

Explanation of Headings and Symbols Used in the Table
Terms and Headings Used in the Tables
Water Collection Methods
Analytical Techniques and Methods
Data Types
Bibliography
Number of records for Countries, States, and Counties

Explanation of Headings and Symbols Used in the Table

Site names: If a spring or well is named on a U. S. Geological Survey topographic map (scale 1:24,000 or 1:62,500) then that name is used in the file. In some cases where a spring is unnamed or not shown on the appropriate topographic map, a "local" name or a name based on some nearby feature was used. For example, "Rye Grass Hot Springs" in Malheur County, Oregon, is not a recognized spring name; it does not appear on USGS topographic maps of the area, nor is it present in the GeoRef data base. This hot spring issues on the left bank of the Owyhee River near where Ryegrass Creek "flows" into the Owyhee River.
Location data: Sites with longitudes and latitudes in degrees, minutes, and seconds (or decimal minutes) are exact locations but sites with longitudes and latitudes only in decimal degrees are approximate locations. Letters (such as ADB) following the section number indicate the ¼ section (160-acre tract), ¼ - ¼ section (40-acre tract), and the ¼ - ¼ - ¼ section (10-acre tract). The letters A, B, C, and D in this system are arranged in counter clockwise order from the northeast quarter of the section (640-acre block). Forty-acre tracts in 160-acre blocks and ten-acre tracts in 40-acre blocks are lettered in the same manner. Letters such as NE, NW, SW, and SE in the ¼ section block of the table preceding the section number designate the ¼ - ¼ - ¼ section, ¼ - ¼ section, and ¼ section in which the spring or well is located. Divisions in this system are arranged from smallest to largest, thus ADB of the previous system becomes NW ¼ - SW ¼ - NE ¼ and is abbreviated to NWSWNE in the file.
°C: Degrees Celsius To convert °C to °F multiply by 9/5 and add 32.
C-14 (% mdn.): Carbon-14 in percent modern carbon
mg/L: Concentration of the solute given in milligrams (mg) of the constituent per liter (L) of water - equivalent to parts per million (ppm) in dilute waters.
ppm: In waters: concentration reported in a weight-per-weight ratio. In dilute waters, one ppm is equivalent to 1 mg of solute per kilogram of solution. In gases: 1 ppm is equal to 0.0001% by volume.
TU: Tritium units — One TU corresponds to an atom ratio of tritium to hydrogen of 10^-18, or to an activity of 3.2 picocuries per liter.
% free gas: Percent by volume of constituent free gas relative to total free gas.
μm-gas/kg-water: Micromoles of dissolved gas per kilogram of water.
μS/cm: Microsiemens per centimeter, a measure of the electrical conductivity of a block of water one centimeter long and one centimeter squared in cross section. Numerically equivalent to micromhos.
δ-values: Parts per thousand (permil, ‰). For example, δ¹⁸O = -5‰, indicates that the sample has 5‰ (0.5%) less ¹⁸O than the standard.

Terms and Headings Used in the Tables

Filter size: Pore size of filter in microns. Virtually all samples were filtered in the field (at collection) through 0.1 or 0.45 μ (micron) pore size membrane filters with either compressed air or compressed nitrogen as the pressure source. Absence of a number in this field usually indicates that the pore size of the filter was not recorded.
LDMW: Locally derived meteoric water.
Monomeric Al: The aluminum monomer (Al(OH)₄^-) extracted into MIBK (methyl isobutyl ketone) in the field whereas Al represents total dissolved aluminum (monomers and polymers).
NH₄(N): Ammonia concentration determined in the lab and reported as N (nitrogen).
NH₄(N): Ammonia concentration determined in the field and reported as N.
NO₃(N): Nitrate concentration reported as N.
NO₂(N): Nitrite concentration reported as N.
PO₄(P): Phosphate concentration reported as P (Phosphorus).
δD: = [{(D/H) _sample — (D/H) _SMOW}/(D/H) _SMOW] x 10³‰, where SMOW is Standard Mean Ocean Water. Positive values indicate enrichment in deuterium relative to the standard and negative values indicate depletion in deuterium relative to the standard.
δ¹⁸O: = [{(¹⁸O/¹⁶O) _sample — (¹⁸O/¹⁶O) _SMOW}/(¹⁸O/¹⁶O) _SMOW] x 10³‰, where SMOW is Standard Mean Ocean Water.
δ¹⁵N: = [{(¹⁵N/¹⁴N) _sample — (¹⁵N/¹⁴N) air}/(¹⁵N/¹⁴N) air] x 10³‰.
δ¹³C: = [{(¹³C/¹²C) _sample — (¹³C/¹²C) PDB}/(¹³C/¹²C) PDB] x 10³‰, where PDB is the PDB standard of the University of Chicago (Belemnitella Americana, Peedee Formation, Cretaceous, South Carolina).
³He/⁴He R/Ra: Ratio of ³He/⁴He in the sample to the same ratio in air (R/Ra); the ³He/⁴He value of air is 1.4 x 10^-6.

Water Collection Methods

Water samples were generally collected in a 1 gallon stainless steel pressure vessel, and filtered on-site using a 142 mm diameter stainless steel filter housing. Pressure drive was provided by using a tank of compressed nitrogen. Membrane filters of 0.45μ or 0.1μ pore-size were preferred. The finer pore-size filter was used when aluminum or other trace metals were of interest. Alternately, a stainless steel cylinder fitted with a membrane filter (usually 0.45μ), and compressed air (provided by a bicycle pump) was used to filter the water on-site. Samples for cation analysis were acidified to pH 2 with high purity concentrated nitric acid, or less commonly with high purity concentrated hydrochloric acid. Acidified sample pH values were checked with pH paper. Samples for anions were collected identically, but not acidified. Unstable constituents - pH, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), sulfate (SO₄) if H₂S was present, total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO₃), and ammonia (NH₃) - were determined on site. Sample pH was measured in the spring or as near the wellhead temperature as possible using a pH meter calibrated to two buffers. Sample pH was corrected for the temperature dependent changes in buffer values. Total alkalinity was determined by titration with 0.05N H₂SO₄ to the endpoint of the titration. Hot samples were permitted to cool to 35°C or less before the titration was begun. Sulfide was determined by thiosulfate titration whenever the rotten-egg smell of H₂S was noticed by the field crew. Sulfate was determined in the field using a portable spectrophotometer whenever high sulfide was present. Ammonia was determined by specific ion electrode. For hot waters where silica concentration was expected to be above 100 mg/L, an aliquot of the filtered sample was diluted with distilled deionized water in the field to prevent polymerization and gelation of dissolved silica.

Not all samples in this compilation were collected using the above procedures. We occasionally received single samples or a few samples for major constituent analyses that were not filtered, or acidified for cations, and were collected in everything from beer bottles to plastic shampoo containers. In general, above procedures were rigorously followed by persons that were part of the project (Ivan Barnes, Bob Mariner, Bill Evans, John Rapp, Theresa Presser, or Larry Wiley), were in other projects at the USGS Menlo Park Center (Manuel Nathenson, Mike Thompson, Ed Sammel, and Mike Sorey) or were in the USGS State Water Resources Division Offices (Bill Young in Idaho, Alan Welch or Mike Lico in Nevada, Bob Leonard in Montana, and Frank Trainer in New Mexico).

Analytical techniques and methods

Alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3): Titration was carried out at the collection site with 0.05 N H₂SO₄ to the bicarbonate inflection point on the titration curve. In some cases where titration at the collection site was not practical, total alkalinity as bicarbonate was determined by automatic titration in the laboratory. Field titrations are preferred because the concentrations of other titratable species (H₃SiO₄^-, H₂SiO₄^-2, S^-2, HS^-, NH₃, B(OH)₄^-, and OH^-) are known or can be calculated and their effect on the titration corrected.
Aluminum (monomeric Al): Monomeric aluminum was complexed with 8-hydroxyquinoline, buffered at a pH of 8.3, and extraction into MIBK in the field. Extracted samples were run on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer in the laboratory.
Cations: Aluminum total (Al), Antimony (Sb), Arsenic (As), Barium (Ba), Beryllium (Be), Cadmiun (Cd), Calcium (Ca), Cesium (Cs), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Gold (Au), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Lithium (Li), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Silver (Ag), Sodium (Na), Strontium (Sr), Zinc (Zn) were run on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer in the laboratory.
Ammonia (NH3 as N): Specific ion electrode.
Boron (B): Colorimetric.
Bromide (Br): Hypochlorite oxidation until approximately 1980, Dionex in more recent samples.
Chloride (Cl): Specific-ion electrode or Mohr titration until approximately 1980, Dionex in more recent samples.
Fluoride (F): Specific ion electrode until approximately 1980, Dionex in more recent samples.
Hydrogen (H): Calculated from field pH, rarely from base titration.
Hydroxide (OH): Calculated from field pH, rarely from acid titration.
Iodide (I): Hypochlorite oxidation.
Mercury (Hg): Samples for mercury analysis were stabilized in the field by adding 2:1 H₂SO₄:HNO₃, 5% KMnO₄ (W/V), and 5% K₂S₂O₈ (W/V). Stabilized samples were analyzed by a flameless atomic absorption technique in the laboratory.
Nitrate (NO₃) and nitrite (NO₂): Spectrophotometer using brucine or diazotization until approximately 1980, Dionex in more recent samples.
Orthophosphate (as P): Spectrophotometer using phosphomolybdate until approximately 1980, Dionex in more recent samples.
Selenium (Se): Diaminobenzidine until approximately 1980, hydride generation in more recent samples.
Silica (SiO₂): Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for silica concentrations greater than 10 mg/L. Colorimetric (molybdate blue) was used for silica concentrations between 0.1 and 10 mg/L.
Sulfate (SO₄): Barium chloride titration (with thorin) until approximately 1980, field spectrophotometer in high sulfide waters, Dionex in more recent samples.
Sulfide (as H₂S): Iodine-thiosulfate titration.
Uranium (U): Fluorophotometric.
δ¹³C_mineral: Carbonate mineral is converted to CO₂ with 100% phosphoric acid at 25°C.
δ¹³C_{total diss.}: Dissolved carbon precipitated by addition of ammoniacial SrCl₂, followed by conversion of SrCO₃ to CO₂; or acidification of sample in gas tight bottles in the field followed by CO₂ extraction and analysis.
δ¹³C_CO₂ and δ¹⁸O_CO₂: gas purified and analyzed on mass spectrometer.
δ¹³C_CH₄: CH4 oxidized to CO₂ for analysis.
¹⁴C: Dissolved carbon precipitated by addition of ammoniacial SrCl₂, followed by conversion of SrCO₃ to CO₂; or acidification of the sample in gas tight bottles in the field followed by CO₂ extraction and analysis.
δD_water: Uranium technique, zinc technique, or H₂-H₂O equilibration with platinum catalyst.
³He/⁴He: purified from gas or water sample and analyzed on mass spectrometer.
δ¹⁵N_N₂: purified from gas sample and analyzed on mass spectrometer.
δ¹⁸O_water: CO₂- H₂O equilibration technique.
δ¹⁸O_{diss. sulfate}: Filtered sample treated with formaldehyde to prevent sulfide conversion to sulfate by bacteria, sulfate precipitated as BaSO₄, CO₂ for analysis is produced by carbon reduction of the BaSO₄.
δ¹⁸O_{sulfate mineral}: Mineral dissolved, sulfate precipitated as BaSO₄, and SO₄ converted to CO₂ by carbon reduction.
²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr: Lead or strontium from water samples was caught on selective resin, eluted off, and run on the mass spectrometer; rock samples were partially dissolved in weak acid, the remaining residue dissolved in strong acid and then both fractions were run separately on the mass spectrometer.
Tritium (T): Tritium was concentrated by distillation and counted by scintillation.

Data Types

Site data: Includes Name, State, County, Longitude (Deg, Min, Sec), Latitude (Deg, Min, Sec), Township, Range, Section, Qtr section, Date collected, Map datum, and Sample collector. Location data are of variable quality. Sites with locations given to degrees, minutes, and seconds are considered most accurate, sites with locations given to degrees and minutes are less accurate, and sites with locations given only to decimal degrees are approximate.
Basic data: Includes T°C, pH_field, pH_lab, spec_cond_field (mS), spec_cond_lab (mS), dissolved solids (mg/L), discharge (gallons per minute)
Major dissolved constituents: Includes Ca, Mg, Na, K, Li, SiO₂, alkalinity_field, alkalinity_lab, Cl, F, SO₄, cation_total, anion_total, charge balance (in %). Concentrations in mg/L, alkalinity is reported as bicarbonate (HCO₃).
Minor dissolved constituents: Includes B, Br, Fe, H, H₂S _field, H₂S_lab, I, Mn, NH₄ (as N), NO_{3 field}, NO_{3 lab}, NO_{2 field}, NO_{2 lab} , OH, PO₄ (as P), Rb, Sr. Concentrations in mg/L.
Trace elements: Includes Ag, Al_monomeric, Al_total, As, Au, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, U, Zn. Concentrations in mg/L.
Gas composition (free gas bubbles, gas seeps, fumaroles, and steam wells): Includes Ar, O₂ + Ar, O₂, N₂, CO₂, CO, CH₄, C₂H₆, H₂S, He, H₂, NH₃, SO₂, Total free gas. Concentrations in volume percent.
Gas composition (dissolved gas) in micromoles gas per kilogram of water: Includes Ar, O₂, N₂, CH₄, CO₂, He, H₂. Concentrations in millimoles gas per kilogram of water.
Water Isotopes: Includes δD, δ¹⁸O, tritium. The isotope compositions of oxygen and hydrogen in a sample are expressed as per mil differences relative to standard mean ocean water (SMOW). Tritium concentrations are reported in tritium units (TU).
Isotopes (dissolved constituents, minerals, and rocks): δ¹³C_{total dissolved}, δ¹⁸O _sulfate, δ¹³C_{mineral carbonate}, δ¹⁸O_{mineral sulfate}, ¹⁴C, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_diss., ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_rock, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_diss., ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_rock, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_diss., ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_rock. The isotope composition of carbon in the sample is expressed as per mil differences relative to PDB. The isotope composition of oxygen in the samples is reported in per differences relative to SMOW. Strontium and lead values are isotope ratios. The denominator in both the strontium and lead values is a stable isotope that is not produced by decay of any other naturally occurring isotope. 14C values are reported as % modern carbon.
Isotopes (free gas): Includes δ¹³C of CO₂, δ¹⁸O of CO₂, δ¹⁵N of N₂, δ¹³C of CH₄, ³He/⁴He. Nitrogen isotope compositions are reported in per mil notation relative to the ¹⁵N/¹⁴N value of air. ³He/⁴He values are reported as R/Ra.

Bibliography

Mariner, R.H., Rapp, J.B., Willey, L.M. and Presser, T.S., 1974, The chemical composition and estimated minimum thermal reservoir temperatures of selected hot springs in Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 27 p.

Mariner, R.H., Rapp, J.B., Willey, L.M., and Presser, T.S., 1974, The chemical composition and estimated minimum thermal reservoir temperatures of the principal hot springs of northern and central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 32 p.

Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., Rapp, J.B., and Willey, L.M., 1975, The minor and trace elements, gas, and isotope compositions of the principal hot springs of Nevada and Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 27 p.

Thompson, J. M., Presser, T. S., Barnes, R. B. and Bird, D. E., 1975, Chemical analysis of the waters of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, from 1965 to 1973:U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-25, 59 p.

Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1976, Chemical data for eight springs in Northwestern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 13 p.

Mariner, R.H., and Willey, L.M., 1976, Geochemistry of thermal waters in Long Valley, Mono County, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 81, no. 5, p. 792-800.

Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1976, Chemical characteristics of the major thermal springs of Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-480, 31 p.

Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1976, Chemical composition of thermal wells and calculated aquifer temperatures for selected wells and springs of Honey Lake Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-783, 10 p.

Fournier, R.O., Sorey, M.L., Mariner, R.H., and Truesdell, A.H., 1976, Geochemical prediction of aquifer temperatures in the geothermal system at Long Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-469, 24 p.

Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1977, Chemical, isotope, and gas compositions of selected thermal springs in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-654, 42 p.

Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1977, Hot springs of the central Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-559, 27 p.

Fournier, R.O., Sorey, M.L., Mariner, R.H., and Truesdell, A.H., 1979, Chemical and isotopic prediction of aquifer-temperatures in the geothermal system at Long Valley, California: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 5, p. 17-34.

Nehring, N.L., and Mariner, R.H., 1979, Sulfate-water isotopic equilibrium temperatures for thermal springs and wells of the Great Basin: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 3, p. 485-488.

Nehring, N.L., Mariner, R.H., White, L.D., Huebner, M.A., Roberts, E.P., Harmon, Karen, Power, P.A., and Tanner, Lane, 1979, Sulfate geothermometry of thermal waters in the Western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1135, 11 p.

Mariner, R.H., Swanson, J.R., Orris, G.J., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1980, Chemical and isotopic data for water from thermal springs and wells of Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-522, 52 p.

Barnes, Ivan, Kistler, R.W., Mariner, R.H., and Presser, T.S., 1981, Geochemical evidence on the nature of the basement rocks of the Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2181, 13 p.

Barnes, Ivan, Johnston, D.A., Evans, W.C., Presser, T.S., Mariner, R.H., and White, L.D., 1981, Properties of gases and water of deep origin near Mount St. Helens, in The 1980 Eruptions of Mount Saint Helens, Washington, P.W. Lipman and D.R. Mullineaux, eds.,: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250, p. 233-237.

Evans, W. C., Banks, N. G., and White, L. D., 1981, Analyses of gas samples from the summit crater, in The 1980 Eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington, P. W. Lipman and D. R. Mullineaux, eds.: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250, pp. 227-231.

Keith, T. E. C., Presser, T. S. and Foster, H. L., 1981, New chemical and isotope data for the hot springs along Windy Creek, Circle A-1 quadrangle, Alaska: in Albert, N. R. D. and Hudson, Travis, eds., The U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1979; U.S. Geological Survey Circular 823-B, 1981.

King, Chi-Yu, Evans, W. C., Presser, T. S., and Husk, R. H., 1981, Anomalous chemical changes in well waters and possible relation to earthquakes: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 8, no. 5, pp. 425-428.

Presser, T.S., Evans, W.C., White, L.D., Mariner, R.H., and Kistler, R.W., 1981, Chemical and isotopic compositions of selected soda spring waters and gases, Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-133, 6 p.

Presser, T. S., Evans, W. C., White, L. D., and Barnes, Ivan, 1981, Chemical and isotopic compositions of selected soda springs and hot spring waters and gases, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-684, 9p.

Barnes, Ivan, Presser, T. S., Saines, Marvin, Dickson, Peter and Koster von Goos, A. F., 1982, Geochemistry of highly basic calcium hydroxide ground water in Jordan:Chemical Geology, 35(1982), p. 147-154.

Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1982, Chemical and isotopic composition of water from thermal and mineral springs of Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-98, 18 p.

Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1983, Geochemistry of active geothermal systems in the northern Basin and Range Province: Geothermal Resources Council, Special Report No. 13, The Role of Heat in the Development of Energy and Mineral Resources in the Northern Basin and Range Province, p. 95-120.

Reed, M.J., Mariner, R.H., Brook, C.A., and Sorey, M.L., 1983, Selected data for low-temperature (<90¡C) geothermal systems in the United States, reference data for U.S. Geological Survey Circular 892: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-250, 129 p.

Keith, T.E.C., Mariner, R.H., Bargar, K.E., Evans, W.C., and Presser, T.S., 1984, Hydrothermal alteration in Oregon's Newberry Volcano No. 2: fluid chemistry and secondary-mineral distribution: Geothermal Resources Council Bulletin, v.13, no. 4, p. 9-17.

Presser, T. S. and Barnes, Ivan, 1984, Selenium concentrations in waters tributary to and in the vicinity of the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge, Fresno and Merced Counties, California:U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 84-4122, 26 p.

Farrar, C.P., Sorey, M.L., Rojstaczer, S.A., Janik, C.K., Mariner, R.H., Winnet, T.L., and Clark, M.D., 1985, Hydrologic and geochemical monitoring in Long Valley Caldera, Mono County, California 1982-1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 85-4183, 137 p.

Mariner, R.H., 1985, Geochemical features of Cascade hydrothermal systems, in Proceedings of the workshop on geothermal resources of the Cascade Range, May 22-23, 1985, Guffanti, Marianne, and Muffler, L.J.P., eds.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-521, p. 59-62.

Presser, T. S. and Barnes, Ivan, 1985, Dissolved constituents including selenium in waters inthe vicinity of Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge and the west Grassland, Fresno and Merced Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 85-4220, 73 p.

Evans, W. C., Presser, T. S., and Barnes, Ivan, 1986, Selected soda springs of Colorado and their origins, in Selected Papers in the Hydrologic Sciences, Seymour Subitzky ed.: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2310, pp. 45-52.

Ingebritsen, S.E., Carothers, W.W., Mariner, R.H., Gudmudson, J.S., and Sammel, E.A., 1986, Flow testing of the Newberry 2 research drillhole, Newberry Volcano, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 86-4133, 23 p.

Carothers, W.W., Mariner, R.H., Keith, T.E.C., 1987, Isotope geochemistry of minerals and fluids from Newberry Volcano, Oregon: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 31, p. 47-63.

Chivas, A. R., Barnes, Ivan, Evans, W. C., Lupton, J. E., and Stone, J. O., 1987, Liquid carbon dioxide of magmatic origin and its role in volcanic eruptions: Nature, v. 326, no. 6113, pp. 587-589.

Evans, W. C., Presser, T. S., White, L. D., and Barnes, Ivan, 1987, The volatiles of Mt. Pagan, Northern Mariana Islands: Pacific Science, v. 41, no. 1-4, pp. 90-103.

Kling, G. W., Clark, M. A., Compton, H. R., Devine, J. D., Evans, W. C., Humphrey, A. M., Koenigsberg, E. J., Lockwood, J. P., Tuttle, M. L., and Wagner, G. N., 1987, The 1986 Lake Nyos gas disaster in Cameroon, West Africa: Science, v. 236, pp. 169-175.

Presser, T. S. and Ohlendorf, H. M., 1987, Biogeochemical cycling of selenium in the San Joaquin Valley, California:Environmental Management, v. 11, p. 805-821.

Shevenell, Lisa, Goff, Fraser, Vuataz, Francois, Trujillo, P. E., Jr., Counce, Dale, Janik, C. J., and Evans, W. C., 1987, Hydrogeochemical data for thermal and nonthermal waters and gases of the Valles Caldera- Southern Jemez Mountains region, New Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-10923-OBES, 100 p.

Sigurdsson, Haraldur, Devine, J. D., Tchoua, F. M., Presser, T. S., Pringle, M. K. W., and Evans, W. C., 1987, Origin of the lethal gas burst from Lake Monoun, Cameroon: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 31, no. 1/2, pp. 1-16.

Tuttle, M. L., Clark, M. A., Compton, H. R., Devine, J. D., Evans, W. C., Humphrey, A. M., Kling, G. W., Koenigsberg, E. J., Lockwood, J. P., and Wagner, G. N., 1987, The 21 August 1986 Lake Nyos gas disaster, Cameroon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-97, 58p.

Barnes, Ivan, Evans, W. C., and White, L. D., 1988, The role of mantle CO2 in volcanism: Applied Geochemistry, v. 3, pp. 281-285.

Evans, W. C., White, L. D., and Rapp, J. B., 1988, Geochemistry of some gases in hydrothermal fluids from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, no. B12, pp. 15,305-15,313.

Evans, W. C., White, L. D., and Kharaka, Y. K., 1988, Dissolved gases in the DOSECC Cajon Pass well: First year results: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 15, pp. 1041-1044.

Kharaka, Y. K., Ambats, Gil, Evans, W. C., and White, A. F., 1988, Geochemistry of water at Cajon Pass, California: Preliminary results: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 15, pp. 1037-1040.

Ingebritsen, S.E., Mariner, R.H., Cassiday, D.E., Shepherd, L.D., Presser, T.S., Pringle, M.K.W., and White, L.D., 1988, Heat-flow and water-chemistry data from the Cascade Range and adjacent areas in north-central Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-702, 205 p.

Sammel, E.A., Ingebritsen, S.E., and Mariner, R.H., 1988, The hydrothermal system at the Newberry Volcano, Oregon: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, no. B9, p. 10, 149-10, 162.

Tuttle, M. L., Lockwood, J. P., and Evans, W. C., 1988, The 1986 gas disaster at Lake Nyos, Cameroon, West Africa: U.S. Geological Survey Yearbook Fiscal Year 1987, pp. 131-134.

Young, H.W., Parliman, D.J., and Mariner, R.H., 1988, Chemical and hydrologic data for selected thermal-water wells and nonthermal springs in the Boise area, southwestern, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-471, 35 p.

Ingebritsen, S.E., Sherrod, D.R., and Mariner, R.H., 1989, Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation in the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon: Science, v. 243, p. 1458-1462.

Kharaka, Y.K., and Mariner, R.H., 1989, Chemical geothermometers and their application to formation waters from sedimentary basins, in Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins, Methods and Case Histories, Naeser, N.D., and McCulloh, T.H., eds.: Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, p. 99-117.

Kling, G. W., Tuttle, M. L., and Evans, W. C., 1989a, Safety of Cameroonian Lakes: Nature, v. 337, p. 215.

Kling, G. W., Tuttle, M. L., and Evans, W. C., 1989b, The evolution of thermal structure and water chemistry in Lake Nyos: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 39, pp. 151-165.

Mariner, R.H., Young, H.W., Parliman, D.J., and Evans, W.C., 1989, Geochemistry of thermal waters from selected wells, Boise, Idaho: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 13, p. 173-178.

Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., Evans, W.C., and Pringle, M.K.W., 1989, Discharge rates of thermal fluids in the Cascade Range of Oregon and Washington and their relationship to the geologic environment, in Proceedings of workshop XLIV on the Geological, Geophysical, and Tectonic Setting of the Cascade Range, Muffler, L.J.P., Weaver, C.S., and Blackwell, D.D., eds.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-178, p. 663-694.

Goff, Fraser, Gardner, J. N., Solbau, R. D., Adams, Andrew, Evans, W. C., Lippert, D. R., Jacobsen, Ron, Bayhurst, Greg, Trujillo, P. E., Jr., Counce, Dale, and Dixon, Paul, 1990, The "art" of in situ fluid sampling and the remarkable compositional variations in the wellbore fluids of VC-2B, Valles Caldera, New Mexico: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 14, pp. 403-410.

Kharaka, Y.K., Mariner, R.H., Ambats, Gil, Evans, W.C., White, L.D., Bullen, T.D., and Kennedy, B.M., 1990, Origins of water and solutes in and north of the Norris-Mammoth Corridor, Yellowstone National Park: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 14, p. 705-714.

Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., Evans, W.C., and Pringle, M.K.W., 1990, Discharge rates of fluid and heat by thermal springs of the Cascade Range, Washington, Oregon, and northern California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B12, p. 19, 517-19, 531.

Presser, T.S., 1990, Relation of selenium at Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge to potential soil-forming source rock: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1033, p. 143-144.

Presser, T.S. and Swain, W.C., 1990, Geochemical evidence for Se mobilization by the weathering of pyritic shale, San Joaquin Valley, California, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 5, p.703-717.

Presser, T.S., Swain, W.C., Tidball, R.R., and Severson, R.C., 1990, Geologic sources, mobilization and transport of selenium from the California Coast Ranges to the western San Joaquin Valley: a reconnaissance study: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation Report 90-4070, 66 p.

Tuttle, M. L., Lockwood, J. P., and Evans, W. C., 1990, Natural hazards associated with Lake Kivu and adjoining areas of the Birunga Volcanic Field, Rwanda and Zaire, Central Africa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-691, 47 p.

Kharaka, Y.K., Mariner, R.H., Bullen, T.D., Kennedy, B.M., and Sturchio, N.C., 1991, Geochemical investigations of hydrothermal connections between Corwin Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area and adjacent parts of Yellowstone National Park: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report No. 91-4052, F1-F38.

Mariner, R.H., Young, H.W., Evans, W.E., and Parliman, D.J., 1991, Chemical, isotopic, and dissolved gas compositions of the hydrothermal system in Twin Falls and Jerome counties, Idaho: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 15, p. 257-263.

Ingebritsen, S.E., Sherrod, D.R., and Mariner, R.H., 1992, Rates and patterns of groundwater flow in the Cascade Range volcanic arc and the effect on subsurface temperatures: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, no. B4, p. 4599-4627.

Kharaka, Y.K., Mariner, R.H., Evans, W.C., and Kennedy, B.M., 1992, Compositions of gases from the Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park, USA: Evidence for a magmatic source near Mammoth Hot Springs: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, A.A. Balkema, v. 2, p. 1303-1307.

Mariner, R.H., Kharaka, Y.K., Ambats, Gil, and White, L.D., 1992, Chemical composition and stable isotopes of thermal waters, Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park, USA: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, A.A. Balkema, v. 2, p. 963-966.

Oscarson, R.L., Presser, T.S., and Carothers, W.W., 1992, Ca-Mg Carbonate deposits, Warnick Canyon, Colusa County, California: Open-File Report 92-707, 32 p.

Thompson, J.M., Mariner, R.H., White, L.D., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1992, Thermal waters along the Konocti Bay fault zone, Lake County, California: a re-evaluation: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 53, p. 167-183.

Thordsen, J.J., Kharaka, Y.K., Mariner, R.H., and White, L.D., 1992, Controls on the distribution of stable isotopes of meteoric water and snow in the greater Yellowstone National Park region: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, A.A. Balkema, v. 1, p. 591-595.

Tuttle, M. L., Briggs, P. H., Evans, W. C., Kling, G. W., and Lockwood, J. P., 1992, Influence of mafic minerals on water chemistry and water-column stability of Lake Nyos, Cameroon, in Kharaka, Y. K. and Maest, A. S., eds.: Water-Rock Interaction-7, Park City, 1992, p. 449-452.

Evans, W. C., Kling, G. W., Tuttle, M. L., Tanyileke, G., and White, L. D., 1993, Gas buildup in Lake Nyos, Cameroon: the recharge process and its consequences: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, p. 207-221.

Kharaka, Y. K., Lundegard, P. D., Ambats, G., Evans, W. C., and Bischoff, J. L., 1993, Generation of aliphatic acid anions and carbon dioxide by hydrous pyrolysis of crude oil: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, p. 317-324.

Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1993, Geothermometry and water-rock interaction in selected thermal systems in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau, western United States: Geothermics, v. 22, no. 1, p. 1-15.

Sorey, M. L., Kennedy, B. M., Evans, W. C., Farrar, C. D., and Suemnicht, G. A., 1993, Helium-isotope and gas discharge variations associated with crustal unrest in Long Valley caldera, California, 1989-1992: Journal of Geophysical Research (B), v. 98, p.15871-15889.

Davisson, M.L., Presser, T.S., and Criss, R.E., 1994, Geochemistry of tectonically expelled fluids from the northern Coast Ranges, Rumsey Hills, California, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, V. 58, No. 7, p. 1687-1699..

Evans, W. C., White, L. D., Tuttle, M. L., Kling, G. W., Tanyileke, G., and Michel, R. L., 1994, Six years of change at Lake Nyos, Cameroon, yield clues to the past and cautions for the future: Geochemical Journal, v. 28, p. 139-162.

Goff, Fraser, Hulen, J. B., Adams, A. I., Trujillo, P. E., Counce, D., and Evans, W. C., 1994, Geothermal characteristics of some oil field waters in the Great Basin, Nevada, in Nevada Petroleum Society: Oil Fields of the Great Basin, p. 93-106.

Goff, F., Evans, W. C., Gardner, J. N., Adams, A., Janik, C. J., Kennedy, B. M., Trujillo, P. E., and Counce, D., 1994, Interpretation of in-situ fluid samples from geothermal wells: Example from hole VC-2B, Valles caldera, New Mexico: Geothermal Science and Technology, v. 4, p. 97-128.

Ingebritsen, S.E., Mariner, R.H., and Sherrod, D.R., 1994, Hydrothermal systems of the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1044-L, 86 p., 2 plates.

King, C.-Y., Basler, D., Presser, T. S., Evans, W. C., White, L. D., and Minissale, A., 1994, In search of earthquake-related hydrologic and chemical changes along Hayward Fault: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, p. 83-91.

Kling, G. W., Evans, W. C., Tuttle, M. L. and Tanyileke, G., 1994, Forecasting the chemical evolution of gas-rich lakes: Equilibrium, gas bursts, or controlled degassing: Nature, v. 368, p. 405-406.

Mariner, R.H., Young, H.W., and Evans, W.C., 1994, Chemical, isotope, and gas compositions of the hot springs of the Owyhee Uplands, Malheur County, Oregon: Transactions of the Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting, v. 18, p. 221-228.

Nathenson, Manuel, Mariner, R.H., and Thompson, J.M., 1994, Convective heat discharge of the Wood River group of springs in the vicinity of Crater Lake, Oregon: Transactions of the Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting, v. 18, p. 229-236.

Presser, T.S., 1994, Geologic origin and pathways of mobility of selenium from the California Coast Ranges to the west-central San Joaquin Valley, in W. Frankenberger and S. Benson, eds., Selenium in theEnvironment, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York., 17 p.

Evans, W. C., Kling, G. W., and Tuttle, M. L., 1995, Lake Nyos, Cameroon: Examining the 1986 gas release from the system standpoint, in Kharaka, Y. K. and Chudaev, O. V., eds.: Water-Rock Interaction-8, Vladivostok, 1995, p. 303-306.

Farrar, C. D., Sorey, M. L., Evans, W. C., Howle, J. F., Kerr, B. D., Kennedy, B. M., King, C.-Y., and Southon, J. R., 1995, Forest-killing diffuse CO₂ emission at Mammoth Mountain as a sign of magmatic unrest: Nature, v. 376, p. 675-678.

Mariner, R.H. and Presser, T.S., 1995, Conditions of stilbite and chabazite formation in the hot springs of the Idaho Batholith: Zeolite '93 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Occurrence, Properties, and Utilization of Natural Zeolites, p. 87-97.

Mariner, R.H., and Janik, C.J., 1995, Geochemical data and conceptual model for the Steamboat Hills geothermal system, Washoe County, Nevada: Transactions of the Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting, v. 19, p. 191-200.

Mariner, R.H., and Young, H.W., 1995, Lead and strontium isotope data for thermal waters of the regional geothermal system in the Twin Falls and Oakley areas, Transactions of the Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting, v. 19, p. 201-206.

Minissale, A., Evans, W. C., Magro, G., Duchi, V., and Vaselli, O., 1995, Gas manifestations in central Italy, in Barbier, E., Frye, G., Iglesias, E., and Palmason, G., eds.: Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, Rome, 1995, p. 1013-1017.

Evans, W. C., 1996, Knowledge of the fount and the cause of disaster: Nature, v. 379, p. 21-22.

Evans, W. C., 1996, A gold mine of methane: Nature, v. 381, p. 114-115.

Kendall, C., Evans, W. C., Reddy, M.M., and Schuster, P. F., 1996, Application of stable isotopes in the Shingobee River headwaters area, in Winter, T. C., ed.: U. S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4215.

Sorey, M. L., Farrar, C. D., Evans, W. C., Hill, D. P., Bailey, R. A., Hendley, J. W., and Stauffer, P. H., 1996, Invisible CO₂ gas killing trees at Mammoth Mountain, California: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 172-96, 2p.

Tanyileke, G. Z., Kusakabe, M., and Evans, W. C., 1996, Chemical and isotopic characteristics of fluids along the Cameroon volcanic line, Cameroon: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 22, p. 433-441.

Kennedy, B.M., Kharaka, Y.K., Evans, W.C., Elwood, A., DePaolo, D.J., Thordsen, J.J., Ambats, Gil, and Mariner, R.H., 1997, Mantle fluids in the San Andreas fault system, California: Science, v. 278, p. 1278-1281.

Kharaka, Y. K., Kennedy, B. M., Thordsen, J. J., and Evans, W. C., 1997, Role of fluids in the dynamics of the San Andreas fault system, California, USA: Proceedings of Geofluids II Õ97, Belfast, 1997, p. 107-110.

Mariner, R.H., Young, H.W., Bullen, T.D., and Janik, C.J., 1997, Sulfate-water isotope geothermometry and lead isotope data for the regional geothermal system in the Twin Falls area, south-central Idaho: Transactions of the Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting, v. 21, p. 197-202.

Minissale, A., Evans, W. C., Magro, G., and Vaselli, O., 1997, Multiple source components in gas manifestations from north-central Italy: Chemical Geology, v. 142, p. 175-192.

Symonds, R. B., Ritchie, B. E., McGimsey, R. G., Ort, M. H., Poreda, R. J., Evans, W. C., and Janik, C. J., 1997, Investigations of gas seeps and springs in the vicinity of the gas rocks, south shore Becharof Lake, Alaska: U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-127, 27 p.

Evans, W. C., Sorey, M. L., Michel, R. L., Kennedy, B. M., and Hainsworth, L. J., 1998, Gas-water interaction at Mammoth Mountain volcano, California, USA, in Arehart, G. B. and Hulston, J. R., eds.: Water-Rock Interaction-9, Taupo, 1998, p. 443-446.

Kharaka, Y. K., Thordsen, J. J., Evans, W. C., and Kennedy, B. M., 1998, Fluids and faults: The chemistry, origin and interactions of fluids associated with the San Andreas fault system, California, USA, in Arehart, G. B. and Hulston, J. R., eds.: Water-Rock Interaction-9, Taupo, 1998, p. 781-784.

Mariner, R.H., Evans, W.C., and Huebner, Mark, 1998, Preliminary chemical and isotopic data for waters from springs and wells on and near Medicine Lake Volcano, Cascade Range, northern California:U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-2, 27 p.

Richter, D. H., Symonds, R. B., Rosenkrans, D. S., McGimsey, R. G., Evans, W. C., and Poreda, R. J., 1998, Report on the 1997 activity of Shrub mud volcano, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, southcentral Alaska: U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-128, 13 p.

Sorey, M. L., Evans, W. C., Farrar, C. D., and Kennedy, B. M., 1998, Carbon dioxide and helium emissions from a reservoir of magmatic gas beneath Mammoth Mountain volcano, California, USA, in Arehart, G. B. and Hulston, J. R., eds.: Water-Rock Interaction-9, Taupo, 1998, p. 491-494.

Mariner, R.H., and Lowenstern, J.B., 1999, The geochemistry of water from springs, wells, and snowpack on and adjacent to Medicine Lake volcano, Northern California: Transactions of the 1999 Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting, v. 23, p. 319-326.

Mariner, R.H., Evans, W.C., Presser, T.S., and White, L.D., 2003, Excess nitrogen in selected thermal and mineral springs of the Cascade Range, in northern California, Oregon, and Washington - sedimentary or volcanic in origin?: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 121, no. 1-2, p. 99-114.